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history of vegetarianism
The history of vegetarianism has its roots in the civilizations of ancient India and ancient Greece. Vegetarianism is the theory and practice of voluntary non-consumption of the flesh of any animal (including sea animals), with or without also eschewing other animal derivatives (such as dairy products or eggs).〔(Definition from vegsoc.org ) "A vegetarian is someone living on a diet of grains, pulses, nuts, seeds, vegetables and fruits with or without the use of dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat any meat, poultry, game, fish, shellfish or crustacea, or slaughter by-products."〕 The earliest records of vegetarianism as a concept and practice amongst a significant number of people concern ancient India〔Spencer, Colin: ''The Heretic’s Feast. A History of Vegetarianism'', London 1993, p. 69-84.〕 and the ancient Greek civilizations in southern Italy and Greece.〔Spencer p. 33-68.〕 In both instances the diet was closely connected with the idea of nonviolence toward animals (called ''ahimsa'' in India), and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.〔''Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama'', ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 13-46.〕
Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in late antiquity (4th-6th centuries), vegetarianism nearly disappeared from Europe.〔Passmore, John: ''The Treatment of Animals'', in: ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 36 (1975) p. 196-201.〕 Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons, but none of them abstained from the consumption of fish; these monks were not vegetarians, but some were pescetarians.〔Lutterbach, Hubertus: ''Der Fleischverzicht im Christentum'', in: ''Saeculum'' 50/II (1999) p. 202.〕 Vegetarianism was to reemerge somewhat in Europe during the Renaissance,〔Spencer p. 180-200.〕 and became a more widespread practice during the 19th and 20th centuries. The figures for the percentage of the Western world which is vegetarian varies between 0.5% & 4% per Mintel data in September 2006.〔(Mintel Oxygen, "Attitudes Towards Vegetarianism - UK - december 2006" )〕
==Ancient==
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